this was made w/ L-systems, which are one of my favorite tools; originally invented to describe the growing logic of plants, its a recursive string-replacement system for generating turtle instructions, first described in The Algorithmic Beauty of Plants
for these images, I used a L-systems variant called "lindenmoji", created by @beaugunderson; thanks beau!
you can try out his cool interactive editor here
https://lindenmayer.club/lindenmoji
while originally botanical in nature, these L-systems can be repurposed for general generative purposes, as the rules are quite flexible
this one here is a simple Hilbert curve, a space-filling curve, ie a function which is intended to traverse every point in a certain space